A surgical procedure to remove one or both breasts, either partially or completely and a preventive measure for individuals at substantial risk of developing breast cancer.
Indications
Treatment for breast cancer: It is recommended when the cancer is large relative to the breast size, or if there are multiple tumours.
Prevention: It may be performed as a preventive measure in individuals with an elevated risk of developing breast cancer, such as those with a strong family history of the disease or certain genetic mutations like BRCA1 or BRCA2.
Types
- Total (Simple) Mastectomy: Removal of the entire breast tissue, including the nipple and areola.
- Modified Radical Mastectomy: Removal of the entire breast tissue, nipple, areola, and some axillary lymph nodes.
- Radical Mastectomy: Removal of the entire breast tissue, nipple, areola, underlying chest muscles, and axillary lymph nodes (rarely performed now due to advances in treatment).
- Skin–Sparing Mastectomy: Removal of breast tissue while preserving the breast skin envelope, often used in conjunction with breast reconstruction.
- Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy: Removal of breast tissue while preserving the nipple and areola complex, also commonly used with breast reconstruction.
Procedure
- Mastectomy is typically performed under general anaesthesia.
- The surgeon makes an incision in the breast to remove the breast tissue.
- In some cases, lymph nodes in the underarm area may also be removed.
- The extent of tissue removal depends on the type of mastectomy and the individual’s specific circumstances.
Recovery
- Recovery time varies depending on the type of mastectomy and individual factors.
- Pain and discomfort are common after surgery, but medications are prescribed to manage them.
- Physical therapy may be recommended to restore arm mobility and strength, especially if lymph nodes are removed.
- Emotional support and counselling are often beneficial to cope with the psychological impact of mastectomy.
Follow-Up
- Typically involves regular check-ups with the surgeon to monitor for recurrence or complications.
- Depending on the cancer stage and other factors, additional treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, or targeted therapy may be recommended.
Whether for treating cancer or reducing risk, mastectomy offers a path to healing and peace of mind, supported by advancements in surgery and reconstruction. It’s not just about removing tissue; it’s about reclaiming control and moving forward with confidence.
